Source resolution and risk apportionment to augment the Bubble Policy: Application to a steel plant “bubble”

Source resolution and risk apportionment of emission source categories for risk reduction purposes can be used to enhance the Bubble Policy of the Clean Air Act. This is performed by incorporating receptor modeling techniques of factor analysis and chemical mass balances to assess noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic inhalation risks to a target population for certain pollutants coming from major emission source categories in a steel plant air shed. Source resolution, using factor analysis, statistically interprets a “source” from ambient data. By subsequently quantifying risks from identified metal emission sources using chemical mass balances and risk apportionment, a total additive risk from main source contributors in the steel plant is estimated. From this methodology, the Bubble Policy can be enhanced by targeting only main risk sources or by “risk-trading” with minor impact sources to reduce the total risk (if deemed significant) without arbitrarily reducing risk for all sources in an industrial source complex’s “bubble.”     

Influence of rice straw burning on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural county of Taiwan

Atmospheric particulate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) size distribution were measured at Jhu-Shan (a rural site) and Sin-Gang (a town site) in central Taiwan during the rice straw burning and non-burning periods. The concentrations of total PAHs accounting for a roughly 58% (34%) increment in the concentrations of total PAHs due to rice-straw burning. Combustion-related PAHs during burning periods were 1.54–2.57 times higher than those during non-burning periods. The mass median diameter (MMD) of 0.88–1.21 m in the particulate phase suggested that rice-straw burning generated the increase in coarse particle number. Chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model analyses showed that the primary pollution sources at the two sites were similar. However, ricestraw burning emission was specifically identified as a significant source of PAH during burning periods at the two sites. Open burning of rice straws was estimated to contribute approximately 6.3%–24.6% to total atmospheric PAHs at the two sites.     

In vitro thyroid disrupting e ects of organic extracts from WWTPs in Beijing

It is generally known that there are many endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the e uents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Most research has focused on the occurrence of estrogenic or androgenic activities, while ignoring that there are environmental chemicals disrupting thyroid system, which is essential for growth and development in both humans and animals. In the present work, a two-hybrid yeast assay was conducted to evaluate the removal e ciencies of agonistic or antagonistic thyroid receptor (TR) mediated e ects in di erent treatment processes of three WWTPs located in Beijing. We found no TR agonistic, but TR antagonistic activities in all processes from the WWTPs. The TR antagonistic activities in organic extracts of water samples were then calibrated regarding to a known TR-inhibitor, amiodarone hydrochloride (AH). The observed concentration of TR disrupting substances ranged from 2.35 10??8 to 6.19 10??7 mol/L AH in Gaobeidian WWTP, 3.76 10??8 to 8.75 10??8 mol/L AH in Lugouqiao WWTP, and 4.80 10??9 to 2.55 10??8 mol/L AH in Beixiaohe WWTP. Of the three WWTPs, the removal rates were 92.7%, 42.2%, and 23.1% respectively. Industrial sewage may contain more TR disrupting substances compared with domestic sewage. The recipient waters were found to contain considerable concentrations of TR disrupting substances that may cause adverse e ects on the exposed organisms.     

In vitro thyroid disrupting effects of organic extracts from WWTPs in Beijing

It is generally known that there are many endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Most research has focused on the occurrence of estrogenic or androgenic activities, while ignoring that there are environmental chemicals disrupting thyroid system, which is essential for growth and development in both humans and animals. In the present work, a two-hybrid yeast assay was conducted to evaluate the removal efficiencies of agonistic or antagonistic thyroid receptor (TR) mediated effects in different treatment processes of three WWTPs located in Beijing. We found no TR agonistic, but TR antagonistic activities in all processes from the WWTPs. The TR antagonistic activities in organic extracts of water samples were then calibrated regarding to a known TR-inhibitor, amiodarone hydrochloride (AH). The observed concentration of TR disrupting substances ranged from 2.35 × 10-8 to 6.19 × 10-7 mol/L AH in Gaobeidian WWTP, 3.76 × 10-s to 8.75 x 10-s mol/L AH in Lugouqiao WWTP,and 4.80 × 10-9 to 2.55 × 10-s mol/L AH in Beixiaohe WWTP. Of the three WWTPs, the removal rates were 92.7%, 42.2%, and 23.1% respectively. Industrial sewage may contain more TR disrupting substances compared with domestic sewage. The recipient waters were found to contain considerable concentrations of TR disrupting substances that may cause adverse effects on the exposed organisms.     

利用唐鱼雌激素受体构建环境雌激素重组酵母测评系统的研究

利用唐鱼雌激素受体基因片段构建重组酵母,用以筛选环境雌激素类化学物质.实验先将唐鱼雌激素受体terα基因片段插入载体pGADT7中构建表达质粒p GADT7/TERα,同时将雌激素效应元件(ere)片段插入pMP206载体中构建报告质粒pMP206/ERE-Lac Z;然后把表达质粒和报告质粒共转化到酵母AH109中,经筛选成功构建了由唐鱼雌激素受体调控的表达lac Z基因的重组酵母AHpTERα/ERE.结果表明,所构建的重组酵母AHpTERα/ERE在不同浓度17β-雌二醇(E2)的诱导下,β-半乳糖苷酶的活性呈现出明显的剂量-效应关系,其EC50为(0.521±0.700)nmol·L-1.与DMSO对照组相比,重组酵母在17β-雌二醇诱导下有明显的β-半乳糖苷酶活性增强的现象.在不同浓度17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)、壬基酚(NP)及其混合物、双酚A(BPA)、17β-雌二醇(E2)(阳性对照)的诱导下,重组酵母均呈现出剂量-效应关系,且灵敏度大小为E2EE2NPBPA.结果表明,本研究成功构建了重组基因酵母测评系统,初步判定该重组酵母可应用于环境雌激素的筛选.     

西藏中部河流、湖泊表层沉积物及其周边土壤重金属来源解析及风险评价

为了解西藏河流-湖泊体系沉积物重金属的污染特征、空间分布、潜在来源及生态风险,对西藏中部河流、湖泊表层沉积物及其周边土壤中As、Ba、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sb、V、Zn、Al和Fe 16种重金属总量进行了分析,并利用主成分分析-绝对主成分分数-多元线性回归（PCA-APCS-MLR）受体模型定量解析了重金属的潜在来源.描述性统计分析表明,研究区As、Cd、Hg、Ni含量较高,其中Hg和As污染较为严重;富集因子、地累积指数、污染负荷指数均表明研究区Hg污染较重,其次是As、Cd、Ni;平均沉积物质量基准系数法与潜在生态风险指数结果表明,研究区受Hg、As、Cd、Ni污染,其中Hg污染较重.在空间分布方面,污染相对较重的区域主要集中在昂仁金错、堆龙曲及一些封闭型湖泊,其中As污染范围最广.PCA-APCS-MLR分析表明,沉积物重金属主要有3个来源,分别为自然来源、交通运输和大气传输以及地热活动和矿山开采等;Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、V、Zn、Al和Fe主要受自然因素影响;Ba、Mo、Pb主要受交通运输和大气传输影响;As几乎全部来自地热活动和矿山开采;Cd、Sb来源较为广泛,3个主要来源均有占比.土壤中Cd、Hg含量较高,可能受交通因素影响较大,同时还与工业排放后远距离输送所造成的大气污染有关.     

基于硝酸盐缓释-功能微生物协同的污染底泥原位修复技术研究

重污染底泥原位修复常需外加大量电子受体,但大量实践表明电子受体直接投加存在作用时效短、微生物利用效率低等问题.针对该问题,开发了电子受体缓释-功能微生物协同的复合环境功能材料,并探讨了功能材料对底泥原位修复效果.结果表明:①复合功能材料〔以Ca（NO₃）₂计,下同〕仅投加5.7 g/kg时,底泥中ORP（氧化还原电位）提升了60.17%~73.96%,AVS（酸可挥发性硫化物）去除率高达90%,是其他传统原位修复材料的1倍.②相较于单独投加Ca（NO₃）₂的修复方式,复合功能材料最大可去除上覆水中33.78%的ρ（TN）,而且ρ（NH₄+-N）也降低了27.90%.③复合功能材料同时促进上覆水中TP和COD_Cr的去除,其去除率分别在78%和30%以上.④从经济成本和对环境影响的角度出发,在工程应用上宜用电子受体:固定剂:促凝剂:发泡剂:塑形剂:复合微生物菌剂:水的质量比为1:5:0.5:0.5:0.1:1:1的复合功能材料.研究显示,硝酸盐缓释-功能微生物复合材料是一种高效的重污染底泥原位修复材料,能显著提升底泥和上覆水中污染物去除效率,降低ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（COD_Cr）,避免上覆水体受到二次污染.      

基于动态综合评价的区域环境风险差异化管理

借鉴灾害风险管理理论,运用“纵横向拉开档次法”和“时序加权平均算子法”构建了区域环境风险动态综合评价模型,提出了“风险评价-等级分区-差异化管理”的区域环境风险管理方法,并以河南省为案例研究对象,开展河南省18个市级单元环境风险的动态综合评价和“差异化”管理研究.结果显示：（1）郑州、许昌、漯河等市综合环境风险指数最高,分别为13.79、13.46和13.28,信阳、南阳和三门峡等市综合环境风险指数最低,分别为4.15、4.16和5.01;（2）采用系统分层聚类法将河南省18个市级单元聚为5类环境风险等级区,其中,郑州、许昌、漯河等属于高风险区;焦作、濮阳、鹤壁等属于较高风险区;安阳、开封属于中风险区;平顶山、商丘、周口等市属于较低风险区;洛阳、三门峡、南阳等市属于低风险区;（3）根据河南省各市环境风险等级及主导因素的差异,遵循高、较高风险区“重点控制、优先管理”、中低风险区“逐步控制、加强防范”的原则,提出了“差异化”的风险管理方案.研究结果表明,该方法不仅可实现区域环境风险动态综合评价,识别区域环境风险主要贡献因子,而且“差异化”的风险管理方案更符合地方经济社会环境协调发展的实际需求.     

氨基脲诱导的大鼠神经行为毒性及其生化机制

为探究氨基脲（SEM）染毒对SD大鼠的神经行为毒性及其作用机制,将44只SPF级SD雄性大鼠随机分为4组：对照组,SEM低、中、高剂量组,每组11只,分别以0,7.5,15,30mg/（kg·bw）SEM的剂量连续灌胃染毒28d.染毒前后分别通过旷场实验和高架十字迷宫实验测试神经行为.采用液相色谱法测定γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）和谷氨酸（GLU）,ELISA法测定5-羟色胺（5-HT）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、多巴胺（DA）、单胺氧化酶（MAO）以及N-甲基-D-天氡氨酸受体（NMDAR）含量.结果显示,高剂量染毒组大鼠在旷场实验中运动总距离和中央区域距离显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,各剂量组大鼠在高架十字迷宫实验中进入开臂时间百分比和进入开臂次数百分比均显著低于对照组（P<0.05或P<0.01）.与对照组相比,各染毒组大鼠脑组织中GABA含量和MAO活性均有不同程度降低,而GLU,NMDAR,5-HT,NE和DA水平均有不同程度上升.SEM诱导大鼠神经行为毒性的机制与破坏GABA和GLU的相互转化、增加NMDAR含量以及抑制MAO活性导致单胺类神经递质水平上升3个途径有关.     

西安城区路面细颗粒灰尘重金属污染水平及来源分析

为揭示高强度人类活动对城市环境质量的影响,在西安市采集文教区、居民区、公园景区和交通区这4个主要功能区道路灰尘样品,利用X-Ray荧光光谱仪测定粒径63μm的道路细颗粒灰尘中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Co、V、Mn和Ni的含量,采用地积累指数法和污染载荷指数法评价细颗粒灰尘中重金属的污染水平,运用主成分分析、聚类分析等多元统计学方法识别重金属的可能来源,利用主成分分析-多元线性回归受体模型解析不同来源对道路细颗粒灰尘中重金属的贡献.结果表明,西安市道路细颗粒灰尘中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr的含量高于陕西土壤背景值,而V、Mn、Ni和Co的含量接近或低于它们的土壤背景值.道路细颗粒灰尘中Co、Mn、Ni、V呈现未污染,Cr、Cu和Zn呈现轻度污染,而Pb为偏中度污染.综合污染评价结果显示,西安市道路细颗粒灰尘中重金属呈现轻度污染.多元统计分析结果表明,Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn显著正相关,属于同一主成分,且在聚类分析中为同一类;V、Mn、Ni和Co为同一类、同一主成分,且显著正相关.结合样品中各重金属元素的含量特征,推断出西安市道路细颗粒灰尘中的重金属主要有两种来源:Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr主要来源于交通源,而V、Co、Mn和Ni主要为自然源.交通源和自然源对西安市道路细颗粒灰尘中重金属的贡献分别为56.7%和43.3%.